In the following article we will introduce simple and useful tips to help the better experience of The Colonial Period.
Colonial period
New people
Most of the settlers who came to the United States in the 17th century were English, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germans in the middle, France Hugonates in South Carolina, mainly African slaves in the south Scattered Spanish, Italian, Portuguese pass through the colony.
After 1680, England is no longer the main source of England. Thousands of refugees escaped continental Europe to escape the way of war. Many have left their homelands to avoid poverty caused by government tyrants and absenteeist landlords.
By 1690, the population of the United States increased to 250,000. Since then, in 1775 it doubled every 25 years until more than 2.5 million times.
Families were able to move from Massachusetts to Virginia or South Carolina to Pennsylvania, but they were distinguished from individual colonies without extensive realignment. They further colony of three regional groups
New England
New England is generally thin in the northeast, stone soil, relatively low level land, long winter, it is difficult to make a living from agriculture. Turning to other pursuits, the New England people used hydropower and established grain factories and sawmills. Good position of wood encouraged shipbuilding. Excellent harbors promoted trade, the ocean became a major financial source. In Massachusetts state, the aortic industry alone quickly set the foundation for prosperity.
Many New England people were doing some kind of trade and business as most of the early settlers live in port villages and towns. General meadows and pastures addressed the needs of townspeople who worked small farms nearby. Compactness has enabled villages and town halls where village schools, village churches, citizens met to discuss common concerns.
The colonies of the Massachusetts Bay continued to expand the commercial. It flourished from the mid 17th century, Boston became the largest harbor in the United States.
Ship's oak hull, tall pine for girder and pillar, ship's seam pitch comes from the northeast forest. The captain of the Massachusetts Bay built its own ship and sailed to ports around the world, laying the foundation for steadily growing trade. At the end of the colonial era, one third of all vessels under the British flag were built in New England. Fish, ship shop and wood products have increased exports.
New England shippers also immediately discovered that rum and slaves are beneficial items. One of the most incompetent trading practices of those days was the so-called "triangular trade". Merchants and shippers purchase New England lamb from the coast of Africa, purchase molasses to sell slaves in the West Indies and sell them to local rum producers.
Middle Colors
Society in the middle colony was much more diverse than New England and resistant with cosmopolitan. In many respects, Pennsylvania and Delaware borrowed the initial success to William Penn.
Under his guidance, Pennsylvania worked smoothly and greatly. In 1685, the population was nearly 9,000 people. The center of the colony was soon Philadelphia, known for its wide, shady street, substantial brick stone house, busy wharf. At the end of the colonial era, 30 thousand people lived there a century later, representing many languages, beliefs and dealings. Their talent for successful companies has become one of the thriving central cities of colonies America.
Quakers dominated Philadelphia, but in other parts of Pennsylvania other people were well expressed. The Germans became the most skilled farmers in the colony. What is important was the cottage industry such as weaving, shoe making, cabinet making, and other crafts.
Pennsylvania is also the main gateway to the new world for Scott Ireland and moved to the colony in the early 18th century. As some officials in Pennsylvania called them, "bold and poor tension", they disliked English and had doubts about all governments. The Scott-Irishman lived in a tall country, where he settled the land, lived in hunting and self-sufficiency agriculture.
Just as people lived in Pennsylvania, New York best represented American multilingualism. By 1646, the population along the Hudson River was a pioneer of millions of people in the Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the UK, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Poland, Bohemian, Portuguese and Italians.
The Netherlands continued to have important socio-economic impacts in the New York region, even after the collapse of the New Holland and its integration into the British colonial system. Their sharp stepped gable roof has become a permanent part of the city's architecture and merchants are making many of the original vibrant commercial atmosphere.
South Pacific
In contrast to New England, the central colony was mainly a rural southern settlement: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
By the late 17th century, the economic and social structure of Virginia and Maryland province was supported by great farmers and farmers. Planters in the tidal water area supported by slave labor have retained most political power and best land. They built a wonderful house, adopted an aristocratic way of life and interacted with the world of overseas culture with the highest feeling.
At the same time, the farmers of the people who worked on the small land sat in a popular meeting and took a political job. Their frank independence is a constant warning against planter 's widowess and should not infiltrate the freedom' s right too far.
South Carolina State Charleston became the major port and trade center in the south. There, settlers quickly learned to link agriculture and commerce, and the market became a major source of prosperity. Dense forest also earned income: Long leaf pine wood, tar, resin provided the world's best shipbuilding materials. As in the state of Virginia, not caught in one crop, North Carolina State and South Carolina State produced and exported blue dyes, blue dyes collected from fabrics and indigo, and exported them. By the year 1750 more than 100,000 people lived in the two colonies of North and South Carolina.
In the southern colonies, population growth in the hinterland country has a special meaning, as in other areas. German immigrants and Scott Irelanders did not want to live in the original doorway where Britain's influence is strong. People who failed to secure a fertile land along the coast or those who ran out of the land they own discovered that the western hilly area is a rich evacuation area. Their sufferings were noisy, but the disturbing settlers continued and in the 1730s they poured into the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Immediately the interior was dotted with farms.
A frontier family living in the Indian border built a cabin, swept the way in the wilderness, and cultivated corn and wheat. It is male leather made from deer leather and sheep's skin. A woman's clothing of cloth that we spun at home. Their food consists of deer, wild turkey, fish. They had their own entertainment - a contest to make great barbecues, dances, newlyweds home dresses, shooting matches, quilt blankets. Quilt still remains the American tradition today.
Society, school, culture
An important factor in preventing the emergence of a powerful aristocratic or elegant class in the colony was the fact that anyone in an established colony could find a new house at the frontier. Therefore, over time, major tower water persons were obliged to liberalize political policy, land subsidy requirements, religious practices due to the threat of mass exit to the border. The movement to this hilly area was huge for the future of America.
In the future the foundation of education and culture established in the colonial era is equally important. Harvard University was established in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636. At the end of the century, William and Mary University was founded in Virginia. A few years later, Connecticut State University (Collegiate School of Connecticut) later became Yale College and was chartered. However, further noteworthy was the development of the school system maintained by the authority of the government. Puritans emphasized the importance of literacy, with emphasis on reading directly from the Bible.
In 1647 the colony of the Massachusetts Bay enacted the "ye olde deluder Satan" law and it is necessary to establish a grammar school (a Latin school for preparing for the university) in every town with more than 50 families. did. Shortly, except for Rhode Island, all other New England colonies followed that example.
The first immigrants in New England purchased a small library and continued importing books from London. Bookstores in Boston prospered in the 1680s with work such as classical literature, history, politics, philosophy, science, theology, and belly books. The first printing press in British colony in 1639, the second printing press in North America was set up at Harvard University.
The first school in Pennsylvania started in 1683. It taught reading, writing and keeping an account. Later, in several ways, all Quaker communities provided primary education for children. Advanced training of classical language, history and literature was offered at Friends public school which is also operated in Philadelphia as William Penn Charter School. School was free to the poor, but parents who may need to pay tuition fees.
In Philadelphia, many private schools without religion taught language, mathematics, natural science. There was a night school for adults. Women were not completely overlooked, but their educational opportunities were limited to the training of activities that can be done at home. Private teachers taught the prosperous Philadelphian girls French, music, dance, paintings, songs, grammar, sometimes bookkeeping.
In the 18th century, the intellectual and cultural development of Pennsylvania reflected the imaginary nature of the two humans, James Logan and Benjamin Franklin. Logan was a colony secretary and it was his wonderful library that young Franklin discovered the latest scientific work. In 1745, Logan built a building for his collection and left buildings and books in the ruins.
Franklin further contributed to the intellectual activities of Philadelphia. He formed a debate club that became an embryo of the American Philosophical Society. His efforts also led to the discovery of a public academy that later evolved to the University of Pennsylvania. He was the starting point for the creation of subscription libraries and he was called "mother of all North American subscription libraries".
In the southern colonies wealthy planters and merchants accepted tutoring from Ireland and Scotland and taught their children. Others sent children to the UK school. With these other opportunities, the upper part of Tidewater was not interested in supporting public education. Furthermore, the spread of farms and farms made it difficult to form community schools. There were several awarded free schools in Virginia. The Syms School was founded in 1647, Eaton School appeared in 1659.
However, the desire for learning did not stop at the boundary of the established community. At the frontier, the Scott Irishmen lived in the primitive cabin, but devotedly devoted their scholarships. They made an effort to attract the learned ministers to their residence.
Literary production in the colony was heavily dependent on New England. Here the attention focused on religious subjects. Sermon was the most common product of coverage. Pastor Cotton Mather, a famous Puritus Minister, has written 400 works. His masterpiece Magnalia Christi Americana (Magnalia Christi Americana) announced the stage greetings in the history of New England. However, the most popular work of the day was Michael Wigglesworth's long poem "Doom of Day". The last sentence was described in horrible words.
In 1704 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the first successful newspaper. By 1745, 22 newspapers were published throughout the colony.
How can we put more limits on learning? The next section contains a small bit of wisdom to change everything.
In New York, an important step to establish the principle of freedom of speech was taken in response to the case of Johann Peter Zenger, New York State Weekly Journal was born in 1733. After two years of publication, the colonial governor could no longer tolerate Zenger's satiric barbarians and he was imprisoned in prison for criminal libel charges. Zenger continued editing his thesis from prison at a trial for nine months, which stimulated a strong interest through colonies. Distinguished lawyer Andrew Hamilton defending Zenger claimed that the cost printed by Zenger is true and therefore not honorable. The jury returned an innocence and Zenger became free.
The prosperity of the city that was afraid that the devil fascinated society as pursuing secular profits brought about a religious reaction called the great awakening in the 1730s. The inspiration came from two sources: George Whitefield (Wesleyan Revival school from Britain in 1739) and Jonathan Edwards, who originally worked in the congregation church in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Whitefield began religious restoration in Philadelphia, then moved to New England. He fascinated 20,000 audiences at once with organized exhibitions, gestures, emotional eloquence. The religious turmoil which swept across New England and the central colony occurred when the Minister left the established church to preach the resurrection.
Among those who were influenced by Whitefield, there was Edwards, and in 1741 the great awakening reached a climax with the preaching of "sinners in the hands of angry gods". Edwards did not participate in the theater, but preached in a quiet and caring way. He emphasized that the established church bought Christianity to starve with emotional content. His master, Freedom's will (1754) tried to reconcile the Enlightenment and Calvinism.
The Great Awakening is a brave birth to evangelicalism and reconstructionism which continues to play an important role in American religious and cultural life. It weakened the status of established clergy and urged believers to rely on their own conscience. Probably the most important thing would have led to the spread of sects and sects that encourage the general acceptance of religious tolerance principles of sects.
People's entry and exit
In all aspects of colonial development, a prominent feature was the lack of control of the British government. All colonies except Georgia appeared as a feudal ownership derived from a charter donated by a shareholder company or by a crown. The fact that the king transferred sovereignty that the King faced with the reconciliation of the New World to the Corporation or the owner, of course, means that American colonists are not unnecessarily free from outside. Under the terms of the Virginia Company's charter, for example, full government authority was attributed to the company itself. Nevertheless, the crown expected the company to live in the UK. Inhabitants in Virginia state can not give further voice in the government than if the king himself had absolute rules.
For them, the colony never thought of himself to be obedient. Rather, they had only a moderate relationship with the authorities in London, mainly like Commonwealth or the state, like England himself. In a sense, externally exclusive rules were denied. Colonists who inherited the tradition of a long fight for British political freedom took the concept of freedom into the first charter of Virginia. That is because British colonists were conditioned on exercising all freedom, franchise, freedom as if this was born and born within our territory. "They then subsequently bought Magna Carta and the common law profit We decided to enjoy. In 1618, the Virginia Company instructed the appointed president on condition that the free resident of the afforestation site elects a representative to join the governor and appointment council to pass the ordinance for colonial welfare .
These measures were the most extensive in the colonial era. Since that time, it was generally accepted that colonists had the right to participate in their own government. In most cases, the King must submit to the charter a statement that will affect the colonial freedom when it grants future grants. Therefore, a charter awarded to the owner of Carwarz of Maryland, William Penn of Pennsylvania, owner of North South Carolina State, New Jersey, should enact the law by "consent of free people" I have stipulated.
Over the years in New England, more complete autonomy was done than other colonies. Taking the Mayflower, the pilgrims adopted a tool for the government called the Mayflower Compact and combined them into a political civic system for better order and preservation. Then, [to] To establish and establish legitimate and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, as considered to be best suited for the colonial general interests,
There was no legal basis for pilgrims to establish autonomy, but their behavior was not disputed, compact and Plymouth colonists were able to do their jobs without interference from outside for many years.
A similar situation was developed in the Massachusetts Bay company. Therefore complete authority was supported by the people living in colonies. Initially, about 12 former employees who came to the US tried to make rules on their own initiative. However, other colonists issued a statement of official duty immediately, said denial leads to mass migration.
In the face of this threat, the members of the company were transferred and the government's control was handed over to elected representatives. Later, other New England colonies such as Connecticut and Rhode Island also claimed that they exceeded the authority of the government, succeeded in self-governing by constructing a unique political system using Pilmas' pilgrim model as a model did.
Only two cases omitted the provision of the autonomous government. These are New York and were given to the Duke of York (to later become King James II), the brother of Charles II. Georgia was awarded to the "Trustee" group. In both cases the regulations for governance were short-lived, as colonists had strongly demanded legislative representatives what they immediately produced.
Normally, most colonies became royal colonies, but in the mid-17th century, the civil war (1642-1649) and Oliver Cromwell's Puritan Federation and the Protective Convention, the English was too distracting and effective We pursued colonial policy. After Charles II and the Stuart dynasty were restored in 1660, Britain had more opportunities to participate in colonial rule. But still, it had no inefficient and cohesive plan, colonies remained primarily on their own equipment.
Remoteness brought about by the vast ocean also made colony control difficult. In addition to this, there was a characteristic of life itself in the early days in America. From the countries that are limited to the universe and dotted with population-rich towns, settlers have spread at first glance infinitely. On such a continent, people were accustomed to their decisions, so the natural conditions promoted strict individualism. Government slowly penetrated the latter country, the stateless state often preceded the border.
However, the premise of autonomy in the colony was not completely challenged. Trade farms established to enforce commercial systems in the colonies in the 1670s abolished the charter of the Massachusetts Bay as the colony was resisting the government's economic policy. In 1685 James II founded the Dominion of New England, after passing the New Jersey, placed the colony on the south side and approved the proposal to strengthen the control of Crown throughout the region. Sir Royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros, charged the tax with the executive order, imprisoned people who had taken and maintained many other tough measures.
When the news of the Glory Revolution (1688-1689) who entrusted James II arrived in Boston, the population rebelled and imprisoned Andros. Under the new charter, Massachusetts and Plymouth joined together in 1691 as the royal colony of the Massachusetts Bay for the first time. Other colonies that were under the control of New England quickly refurbished the former government.
The glorious revolution brought about other positive effects to the colony. The rights law and tolerance law of 1689 forced the freedom of worship and restrictions of the crown prayers for Christians. Equally important, John Locke's Second Government Editorial (1690) sets out the theory of the government based on the contract rather than the rights of God, the people who enjoyed the natural rights of man, the freedom and the property But the right to revolt when the government violates these natural rights.
Early 18th century colonial politics was similar to British politics of the 17th century. Although the glorious revolution confirmed the hegemony of Congress, the colonial ruler recommended that the king exercise his power in the colony that he lost in England. The colonial rally, conscious of the events in England, tried to claim their "right" and "freedom". By the early 18th century, the colonial parliament had two important powers that were similar to those held by the British Parliament. It is the right to vote for taxes and expenses and the right to start legislation, not simply following the governor's proposal.
The legislature used these rights to confirm the power of the ruling governor and take other measures to expand power and influence. Regular conflict between governor and parliament gradually worked to awaken the colony to the difference between the interests of the United States and Britain. In many cases, the royal authorities simply ignored, not understanding the importance of what the colonial union was doing. However, these actions established the precedent and the principle and eventually became part of the "Constitution" of the colony.
In this way, the colonial assembly established autonomy. As time passed, the center of colonial rule moved from London to the regional capital.
France and the Indian War
France and the UK continued a series of wars at several intervals in Europe and the Caribbean in the 18th century. Among the islands rich in the Caribbean's sugar, the UK secured certain advantages, but the struggle is generally not decisive, France has a powerful position in North America at the beginning of the 7th year war of 1754 Was maintained.
By that time, France established a strong relationship along the Great Lakes with many Indian tribes in Canada who owned the Mississippi River, and by following the crescent-shaped Empire from Quebec to New Orleans by establishing a fort and a commercial pillar , The British were confined to a narrow belt on the east side of the Appalachian Mountains. Not only the British Empire but also the American colonialists themselves, the French revolution could limit the expansion to the west of France to hold the Mississippi Basin.
In 1754, an armed struggle occurred in Fort Duquennne in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1710, and under the direction of 22-year-old George Washington (Virginia planetter and surveyor), a collision occurred between French regulars and Virginia militia It was.
In London, the Trade Commission tried to deal with the conflict by calling for representatives from the colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New England. From June 19th to July 10th, the Albany parliament became known, met Ilokova in Albany, New York, to improve relations with New York and to protect its loyalty to the UK.
The delegation also declared a union of American colonies "absolutely necessary for their preservation" and adopted the Albany Plan of Union. In the plan created by Benjamin Franklin, the president appointed by the king acts with the assembly tournament elected at the general assembly, and each colony is expressed in proportion to the financial contribution to the total finance. This institution has defense, Indian relations, Western trade and settlement, and tax imposition. However, none of the colonies accepted the plan of Franklin and no one tried to entrust taxation and control over the development of the land on the west to the central authorities.
England's excellent strategic position and her talented leadership are very satisfied in seven years. The war was cooked only modestly in the Western Hemisphere.
In the peace of Paris which was signed in 1763, France handed over Canada, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River Basin all to the UK. The dream of the French empire in North America is over.フランスは勝利を収め、今はこれまで無視されてきた問題、すなわち帝国のガバナンスに直面するように構成されました。ロンドンが防衛を促進し、さまざまな地域や人々の多様な利益を調整し、帝国運営のコストをさらに配分するために、現在は膨大な財産を整理することが不可欠でした。
北米だけでも、英国の領土は倍以上になりました。大西洋沿岸の狭い地帯には、カナダの広大な広がりと、ミシシッピ川とアレゲーニー山脈の間の領土、それ自体が帝国であった。主にプロテスタントと英語であった人口には、ケベック出身のフランス語圏のカトリック教徒や、部分的にクリスチャン化された多数のインディアンが含まれています。新しい領土の防衛と管理だけでなく、古いのは、莫大な金額と人員の増加を必要とするだろう。古い植民地制度は明らかにこれらの作業に適していた。
サイドバー：セレンの願い
1692年、マサチューセッツ州セーレム・ビレッジの少年少女たちは、西インドの奴隷によって話されたことを聞いた後、奇妙なことに遭遇した。彼らは疑問を呈した時、いくつかの女性が苦しんでいた魔女であると非難した。町民は驚いていたが、驚くことではなかった。魔法の信念は、17世紀のアメリカとヨーロッパに広がっていた。
次に起こったことは、アメリカの歴史の中で孤立した出来事があったにもかかわらず、ピューリタンニューイングランドの社会的、心理的な世界への鮮明な窓を提供します。町の関係者は魔法の訴えを聞くために裁判所を召集し、迅速に有罪判決を受け、管財人のブリジット・ビショップを処刑した。 1カ月以内に、他の5人の女性がキスして吊るしていた。
それにもかかわらず、裁判所は被告人を精神またはビジョンとして見たことを証言することを裁判所が許可したため、ヒステリーは大きく、そのような「スペクトルの証拠」は、その性質上、検証されたり、客観的な検討の対象となる可能性があるため、特に危険でした。 1692年の秋までに、数人の男性を含む20人以上の犠牲者が処刑され、100人以上が刑務所に収容されました。しかし、今やヒステリーはセーラムを越えて広がると脅し、植民地を通じた大臣たちは裁判の終結を求めた。植民地の知事は同意し、裁判所を解任した。まだ刑務所にいる者は、後で無罪とされ、執行猶予を受けた。
セーレムの魔女の試練は、長い間アメリカ人を魅了してきました。心理的なレベルでは、ほとんどの歴史家は、1692年のセーレム・ビレッジが、魔法の存在を真実に信じて、一種の公的ヒステリーによって指定されたことに同意します。彼らは女の子の中には演技をしている人もいますが、責任ある大人たちも熱狂的な雰囲気の中で料理されたと指摘しています。
しかし、さらに明らかにすることは、被告人と被告人の身元をより詳細に分析することである。当時の植民地時代のニューイングランドの大部分のようなセーレム村は、大規模な農村で清教徒が支配するコミュニティからより商業的で世俗的な社会へと経済的および政治的な移行を行っていました。多くの被告人は、農業と教会に結びついた伝統的な生活様式の代表者であったのに対して、訴えられた魔女の数は、小売商人や商人の商業階級の上昇の一員であった。古い伝統的なグループと新しい商業クラスとの間の社会的および政治的な権力のためのセーラムの曖昧な闘いは、アメリカの歴史を通してコミュニティで繰り返されたものでした。しかし、その市民が家の中で悪魔がゆるいとの確信によって一掃されたとき、それは奇妙で致命的な迂回路を辿った。
セーレムの魔女の裁判は、驚異的だが虚偽の告訴をすることによる致命的な結果の劇的な寓話としての役割も果たします。確かに、多数の人々に対して虚偽の告発をするための政治的議論で頻繁に使われる言葉は「魔女の狩り」です。
コロニアル時代の最新情報をよく知っていることは決して痛いことではありません。あなたがここで学んだことを今後の記事と比較して、コロニアル時代の変化に注意を払うことができます。
